If I had to condense the entire Bitcoin argument down to a single elevator pitch, it would be this:

1. Bitcoin has the best monetary properties of any asset in existence.
2. According to game theory, society will converge to the superior money over long periods of time.

But really you should spend those 30 seconds trying to convince them to read The Bitcoin Standard, because nobody can shift their entire worldview on anything in 30 seconds.

I wrote an essay recently that goes into how PoS works at a technical level and how each aspect of PoS contrasts with PoW. It's a good resource if you're curious to see how the issues with PoS emerge from first principles.

https://scottmsul.substack.com/p/a-bitcoiners-guide-to-proof-of-stake

Yeah, I think the thing which I don't like about negative incentives (even in lightning) is just the possibility of losing money even by accident or due to a bug. I'm pretty open to the idea of anyprevout/eltoo which makes a force close always go to the most recent state.