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Hundreds of cues.
My mom always knows north. The church pointed it, a park, a landmark, buildings, etc.
In her brain she has thousands of reference points. And with every turn, the brain kind of knows.
I have a friend like that too, and when he uses the GPS he is god like.
If you read the book Be Careful There Are Snakes, the Amazonian Piranha were very skillful at knowing directioms based on the direction of the river.
Also there is a thing called the sun, very useful.
I rarely use GPS, I can read (and used in the past) paper maps and rached my destimations without knowing where north was. That's very interesting. Did you have to navigate some large open area without roads, where the direction of north is necessary? I never knew where north was even before GPS...
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Yes, our directions were based on NSEW coordinates
Example:
From the southeast corner of the church, go north 200 meters then west 50 meters
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