In this case, aren’t they receiving the certification because they wanted it? They might not have known that they were going to pay for it, but how many times have you looked for the UL<sup>tm</sup> markings on electric or electronic goods? I do all the time and am hesitant to buy those things without the marking. I just don’t want to burn my house down!!

Yeah. UL is producer funded - you pay for certification, but this is just priced in. In the past when I did large bespoke hardware deliveries, we'd simply price the certification costs (plus margin!!!) into the product price; i.e. the client would ultimately pay for it - so in this case, the consumer.

optimism

econ

Lab-Grown Meat Protectionism

Rothbardian_fanatic

I was thinking more along the lines of UL or Consumer Reports, which, I think, are industry supported or consumer supported.