Israel spent $28.3 billion on research and development (R&D) in 2023 to reach 6.3% of GDP—more than double the OECD average.

South Korea falls next in line, with an R&D intensity of 5% of GDP, driven mainly from private sector funding.

Meanwhile, the U.S. spent 3.4% of GDP on R&D, amounting to $823.4 billion, the highest level in the world.