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Strong rule of law and a cohesive identity/culture. "A country is not its land, but its people!" -- someone wiser than me!
Of the places I've been, the common thread throughout challenged countries are broken law enforcement. I distinctly remember a 13-hour drive across Ghana where we were pulled over by police three times, resolved by bribing each time.
too much corruption and graft
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I also land somewhere in the area of culture after thinking about this, as I explained a bit here #938547
When a people's cultural ties and allegiances start to erode I think the first place it is normally felt is in the education of their young ones. Not to be reductive, but I think cultural association is one of the building blocks for a peoples' moral foundation, which is transmits itself through their education systems.
The Ghanaians in your anecdote have no strong moral or praxiological incentive to behave otherwise as it would be too great an inconvenience. If they had had a sense of moral obligation to a cultural (be it religious or national) allegiance instilled in them from a young age by the education of their elders, then they may just vote with their feet and leave to a friendlier place. In this case, the "law" of the land would directly impacts their self-expression of a cultural identity. Common sense seems to suggest that the law follows culture and education and can certainly play a great role in helping to uphold them.
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