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The Japanese yen has been steadily weakening against the US dollar over the past three years, reaching a low of 160.17 yen per dollar in April 2024, a level not seen since 1990[1][2]. There are several key reasons for the yen's decline:
  1. Interest rate differential: The US Federal Reserve's benchmark interest rate is currently 5.25-5.50%, while the Bank of Japan's rate remains at 0-0.1%, creating a significant gap that makes investing in US assets more attractive[1][4].
  2. Divergent inflation: The US has grappled with high inflation, prompting the Fed to raise rates, while Japan has struggled to achieve price and wage increases, leading the BOJ to maintain its ultra-loose monetary policy[1][3].
  3. Market momentum: As the yen falls, investors sell it, creating a self-fulfilling cycle that discourages exporters from converting foreign earnings into yen, further reducing demand[2][5].
  4. Cautious BOJ: The BOJ has been gradual in normalizing its monetary policy, raising rates slightly but maintaining a cautious stance, which has contributed to the yen's weakness[3][4].
The weaker yen benefits Japanese exporters by making their products cheaper for foreign buyers, but it also increases the cost of imports, putting pressure on household budgets[1][2]. Japanese authorities have intervened to support the yen, but the large interest rate gap is expected to persist in the near term[1][4].
Japanese businesses have several key concerns about the weak yen:
  1. Increased costs of imports: The weak yen makes imported raw materials, parts, and finished goods more expensive, squeezing profit margins. This is a particular challenge for companies that rely heavily on imports[1][3][5].
  2. Difficulty passing on higher costs: Many firms are struggling to pass on the higher costs to consumers due to competitive pressures, further eroding profits[3].
  3. Negative impact on consumer spending: The higher costs of living due to the weak yen is dampening consumer spending power and demand, especially for discretionary items like travel[3][5].
  4. Excessive volatility: While a gradual weakening of the yen can benefit exporters, the rapid and excessive depreciation makes it difficult for companies to plan and adjust. An exchange rate above ¥155 to the US dollar is seen as less advantageous[1][5].
  5. Potential disruption to supply chains: There are concerns that an excessively weak yen could negatively impact the entire supply chain, beyond just the importing companies[5].
  6. Psychological impact: The weak yen is having a large negative psychological impact, with some executives worried it will discourage younger consumers from traveling abroad[5].
Overall, while a weak yen can boost profits for exporters in the short-term, the current rapid depreciation is causing significant challenges and concerns for a wide range of Japanese businesses.
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