You can time-lock a transaction so that the counterparty has to wait to spend it, but you can spend it right away.

There are ways to simulate a "vault" using pre-signed transactions and ephemeral key-pairs, so that an attacker is forced to wait for a duration before sweeping funds.

It is a cumbersome setup, though. A better solution would be a native opcode for the process of storing funds, which is what the OP_VAULT proposal aims to be.