You can't mine off-Earth, but Bitcoin will work just fine.

You absolutely would be able to plan it to coordinate certain things... Just not things that are better coordinated by your wristwatch. -Meanwhile your wristwatch has no idea when a contract will expire on the blockchain. They are simply two different ways of telling time and both are useful.

And yes, bitcoin can work on any planet you can travel to. Simply put some sats on a thumb drive and go there, launching a sidechain like Liquid with those sats once you arrive. The chain's won't be in perfect sync, but the value can be shared to other planets.