Signatures: Like pen&paper signatures irl. Everyone can verify it, only you can make it.

**Encryption:**In asymmetric setting (like e.g. bitcoin) Everyone can make something only you can decrypt.

Breaking encryption doesn't help an attacker steal your bitcoin - he could at most spy on what you are doing which doesn't help him since the blockchain is public either way - it would be like stealing a newspaper from a mailman.

Hashing: Nothing about hashing is secret. In the context of bitcoin hashing is just a challenge that is public, everyone knows the challenge, finding a solution takes trying out a lot of things and if a solution is found it is easy for everyone to find a solution.

In practice signatures and encryption are based on the same mathematical problems which can be summarized as "different kinds of magic with prime numbers".