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I think arguing about who's right based on the outcomes is going in reverse.
Yes, in many areas of thought this is a risky way of thinking. Think, the ends justify the means. We should look at the ends but that doesn't mean the means were correct.
debate would be more well grounded if the arguments were made based on theology
Yes, this ^^
I have very little interest in the typical bravado filled "debates" I see on all sides of Christianity. Its not helpful and turns people outside of our faith away. What doesn't turn them away is the truth, honestly, and good faith discussions.
To your specific sola scriptura I have heard many Catholics as well as Orthodox say that for the first 1500 years or so the vast majority of people were either illiterate or had no access to the full canon of Scripture. The church and her liturgy and art were what they had. I think many Catholics will falsely say that Protestants ONLY follow their interpretation of Scripture but this is a straw man as well. All of the protestant church traditions had hierarchy and traditions.
Like I've said, I think we (all) need to seek to better understand one another, church history (the good and bad), and remember Jesus command that we love one another. Doesn't mean we don't disagree but we should do so in good faith and love.