Arctic ecosystems regulate the climate through carbon storage and the albedo effect (reflecting sunlight)

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For climate regulation, the study assessed the Arctic’s role in carbon sequestration and its impact on global climate systems, assigning value based on the cost of carbon emissions and the benefits of climate stabilization.

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Climate regulation services benefit local, national Arctic and international communities via the stabilization of the climate, which impacts growing seasons, species distributions, flooding, droughts and so forth (IPCC, 2007). In fact, a large proportion of the associated final services from climate regulation (see Section 4) accrue to communities outside of the Arctic region. Thus, although climate regulation contributes to the production of some of the final services included in this study, a large part involves benefits to the rest of the world. For this reason, climate regulation is included in this study; however, to avoid double-counting it has been assumed that climate regulation is partially accounted for in the value of the following final goods: food (subsistence harvest and commercial fisheries), polar bear hunting, and the existence value of reindeer herding, beluga whales and polar bears. For more details, see Supplementary Material.

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The economic value of climate regulation services provided by the Arctic sea-ice and permafrost surpasses all other values by up to three orders of magnitude. This is because these services are global in nature; the entire planet depends on the climate regulation services provided by the Arctic. In absolute terms, this figure is vast – although distributed over the entire world population, it only amounts to about $30 per capita per year, substantially less than the per capita benefits of subsistence hunting and cultural benefits enjoyed by local populations.