They aren't really an impartial voice. But conceptually it's cleaner to think of embeddings as an index attached to a domain driven database.

Yes. Or at least must have planned it in advance.

Maybe there is a vending machine at the peak of a mountain where neither the machine nor the users will have Internet access. You could plan in advance and get some tokens for that machine.

Ff the sender creates a token locked to your public key (for untrusted transactions), then no, no one else can reclaim it because only you can redeem it with your private key. The trust there is in the mint.

Yes that's very nice.

There is no way to solve the trust issue offline. Bitcoin solves that hard problem by creating a decentralized trustless ledger. Offline you don't have that possibility.

You should avoid using Cashu in general, because there are better options. What's a better option for this case?

For a vending machine operator, the risk of double spends might be worth it compared to the cost of having an internet connection for the machine. It's all about tradeoffs.

Of course not. The question is if it's the best way of solving the problem of offline payments. The other option currently is banknotes which as you know have other inconveniences.

For the case of vending machines that's fine. The problem to solve is that the machine can operate without internet, not the customer. So as a customer you can easily get the exact denomination and sign it for the machine online and then the machine does not need internet to verify it.

Sure you have to trust the mint. But you can set a collection of trusted mints beforehand.

Yes, you can reclaim a nut before the receiver in basic offline transactions - that's the double-spending problem.

However, if the sender creates a token locked to your public key (for untrusted transactions), then no, they cannot reclaim it because only you can redeem it with your private key.