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Animal_World

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Bro wanna help with excel

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Minas Gerais, Brazil 🇧🇷

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privacy

If you’re a VPN user, you’ve probably heard of the 5 Eyes, 9 Eyes, and 14 Eyes Alliances. These alliances may sound like something out of a spy movie, but they pose a very real threat to your privacy.

The Eyes Alliances are international intelligence-sharing agreements between governmental bodies. Participating countries are known to spy on their citizens through various means, acquiring sensitive and private information that may be shared with the other members of the alliance. But what exactly does that mean for you? And will a VPN really protect you from these threats to your privacy?

The answer is yes — but only if you choose a quality and trustworthy VPN. There are many critical features you have to consider in a VPN to ensure your privacy really will be protected. My top recommendation is ExpressVPN, which is based in the privacy-friendly British Virgin Islands, outside the reach of the Eyes Alliances. It’s also passed several independent security audits from top auditing firms, meaning that you can use it with confidence.



What Are the 5 Eyes, 9 Eyes, and 14 Eyes Alliances?


5 Eyes Alliance
The 5 Eyes Alliance arose out of a cold war era intelligence pact called the UKUSA Agreement. This was originally an intelligence-sharing agreement between the United States and the UK aimed at decrypting Soviet Russian intelligence.

By the late 1950s, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand had also joined the Alliance. These five English-speaking countries make up the Five Eyes Alliance as we know it today. The intelligence-sharing agreement between these five countries has only strengthened over time, extending to surveillance of online activity.

The scope of activity performed by the Five Eyes Alliance was made clear in 2013 after Edward Snowden leaked a number of documents that he obtained while working as an NSA contractor. Widespread government surveillance of citizens’ online activity was exposed to the public. The leak provided clear evidence that the international intelligence-sharing network was more extensive than previously thought.

Evidence was also revealed of member countries using the alliance to circumvent the privacy laws of their own citizens. For example, the UK was found to be working around surveillance laws protecting its populace by asking the USA’s NSA to spy on UK nationals instead. They would then simply request the NSA share the data they pulled. Very clever.

The UK and US in particular have been named as some of the worst violators of online privacy. Here’s a further example of how each country has and continues to monitor the personal information of its citizens:


•United Kingdom. In November 2016, the Royal Assent passed the Investigatory Powers Bill (aka Snoopers’ Charter) into law. The bill grants exclusive surveillance powers to the government. As per the act, internet service providers are required to retain user data such as browsing history, connection times, and text messages for two years, which can be accessed by government agencies and their partners without a warrant.


•United States. After the 9/11 incident, the NSA was authorized to monitor the phone calls and internet data of millions of Americans without a warrant. In 2017, the US Senate also approved a law that would give ISPs the authority to collect and sell user data without their consent.
Other member nations have also implemented similar data retention laws. For example, in 2015, the Australian government passed a law that mandates ISPs to retain customers’ metadata for 2 years.


Member countries of the 5 Eyes:

•United States
•United Kingdom
•Australia
•Canada
•New Zealand



9 Eyes Alliance


The 9 Eyes is an extension of the 5 Eyes Alliance. It includes all the 5 Eyes nations and 4 additional countries: Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Norway. The alliance was established to enhance intelligence sharing between member nations, with the common goal of preventing threats to national security.


Member countries:

•5 Eyes countries +
•Denmark
•France
•The Netherlands
•Norway



14 Eyes Alliance

The 14 Eyes alliance is a further extension of the 5 Eyes. It consists of the 9 Eyes countries and 5 additional members: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Sweden, and Spain. This group of countries is officially called SIGINT Seniors Europe (SSEUR).

Member countries:

•9 Eyes countries +
•Germany
•Belgium
•Italy
•Sweden
•Spain



Third-Party Contributors

Aside from these confirmed alliances, it is also worth mentioning another handful of countries that have been caught or suspected of exchanging information with the Fourteen Eyes Alliance. These include Israel, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea.

Possible 6th Eye?
The 6th Eye is a term used to refer to Japan as a possible addition to the 5 Eyes Alliance. While Japan is not officially a member of the alliance, it has close intelligence-sharing relationships with the 5 Eyes countries.

In August 2020, the Japanese Defense Minister expressed the desire for even closer cooperation with the 5 Eyes and suggested that Japan could become known as the “6th Eye”. Both the US and UK have shown interest in Japan’s possible involvement. However, the concept of Japan being the 6th Eye is not an official designation and remains largely speculative.


Surveillance Systems Used By These Alliances and the Data They Collect

These alliances have a large number of mass surveillance systems in place, with some remaining unknown to the public. Some that have received significant media attention include:


ECHELON

ECHELON is a global surveillance program operated by the 5 Eyes countries. It was originally developed to intercept the military and diplomatic communications between the Soviet Union and its Eastern bloc allies during the Cold War.

By the end of the 20th century, the program had expanded beyond its original scope. Reportedly, it can now monitor telephone calls, faxes, e-mails, and other data streams. It can even trace bank account activity.

PRISM

PRISM is a US government-led initiative that allows the USA’s National Security Agency (NSA) to collect communications data from big corporations like Microsoft, Facebook, Google, Apple, Yahoo, and others. The program was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden in 2013.



XKeyscore

XKeyscore is yet another mass surveillance program operated by the NSA. This can collect and analyze internet data in real-time. According to Snowden, the system enables almost unlimited surveillance. NSA analysts can access your phone calls, emails, search history, and even Microsoft Word documents without a warrant.


How Can This Affect VPN Users?

While a VPN with military-grade encryption can protect you from these surveillance systems, the alliances are always devising more methods to get at your data. For example, in 2018, the 5 Eyes countries released a statement calling on tech companies (including VPN providers) to provide a means for law enforcement to access end-to-end encrypted communications.

Australia is an example of a country that has already passed a bill that permits government authorities to access user data, even if it’s encrypted.

There have also been several instances where VPN providers shared user data with authorities. Riseup, a US-based privacy-focused email/VPN provider, complied with two warrants to share user data. However, the company didn’t disclose this information to the public until much later because of a court-issued gag order.

As another example, UK-based HMA VPN handed over user data to the feds in response to a court order in 2011, which led to the arrest of a LulzSec hacker.

It is also safe to assume that if any of these 14 nations gain access to your data online, your data can then be shared with the other countries in the alliance.

What Can You Do?

So, how do you protect your online data? A VPN should still be your first line of defense against invasive surveillance and monitoring, but your choice of provider is highly important. Not all VPNs will keep you safe from the Eyes Alliances — as I’ve shown above, some do and will continue to cooperate with them.

Listed below are a few critical things to consider if you’re (rightfully) concerned about your online data while using a VPN.

Check the Location of Your VPN’s Headquarters

It’s important to consider where your VPN is headquartered as a business. It’s strongly recommended that you do not choose a VPN provider based in a country associated with the Fourteen Eyes Alliance if you are concerned about online privacy.

If it is, your VPN provider could be forced to hand over user information to the government. This data could then be shared with other countries in the alliance. You may not even know that your privacy has been breached.

Check Your VPN’s No-Logs Policy

The many ways that VPNs can fall under the jurisdiction of various governments (such as the location of the user, location of the server, etc) is why the best VPNs for privacy have strict no-logs policies. This means that they do not retain any kind of identifying information about their users or their online activity.

A great example of this policy in action comes from the well-known VPN provider ExpressVPN. During a Turkish investigation into an ExpressVPN user, law enforcement tried to compel this VPN to hand over identifying data. Despite their best attempts, authorities were unable to find any identifying information due to ExpressVPN’s commitment to protecting its users’ privacy.



Check VPN Legality in Your Country

You need to be aware of the online laws and regulations regarding VPNs of the country you live in. For example, is VPN use even legal in your country? In most cases, the answer is yes, but not always.

Some countries (like China and Iran) have heavily regulated VPN use to a short list of “government approved” VPNs — which you can safely assume are sharing data with the authorities. Others have outright banned VPNs altogether. We always recommend you check your local laws regarding VPNs, as we do not condone breaking the law.




5/9/14 Eyes Countries & VPNs: What You Need to Know (2024)

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How do C++, Java, Python Work? 

So recently I started learning Node.js and I was looking for some blogs that can help me get started with Node.js and I didn't find any good blogs that give a brief introduction to Node.js So I thought why not write one.


In this article, we will look at:
Introducing Node.js
The Node architecture
How Node.js works
Installing Node.js
Your first Node.js program


Introduction to Node.js
Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, back-end JavaScript runtime environment that runs on Chrome's V8 engine and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser.
Node. js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient, perfect for data-intensive real-time applications that run across distributed devices.

(Chrome's V8 Engine is a fast Javascript to the machine-code compiler to load, optimize and run Javascript code which is written in C++)

Node is single-threaded, based on event-driven architecture, and non-blocking based on the I/O model.

Why we use Node.js ?

We use Node to build backend services such as Application Programming Interface(API) and the backend of our web apps.

Node.js is ideal for building data-intensive, highly scalable, and real-time applications such as Chat apps, E-commerce apps, Streaming apps, etc.

The Node Architecture
Node.js uses the “Single Threaded Event Loop” architecture to handle multiple concurrent clients. Node.js Processing Model is based on the JavaScript event-based model along with the JavaScript callback mechanism.

![1000004149.jpg](https://m.stacker.news/10979)


The Node Runtime

Node API: JavaScript utilities like file and network I/O, and a whole host of others, like cryptography and compression

The Node core: a set of JavaScript modules that implement the Node API. (Apparently, some of the modules depend on libuv and other C++ code but that’s an implementation detail).

JavaScript engine: Chrome’s V8 Engine: A fast JavaScript-to-machine code compiler to load, optimize, and run your JavaScript code

The event loop: implemented using an event-driven, non-blocking I/O library called libuv to make it lightweight and efficient (and scalable)

Event Loop

Event-loop is the place where all our asynchronous code is executed.

Node uses Libuv as the event loop implementation. To use a Node asynchronous API, you pass a callback function as an argument to that API function, and during the event loop, your callback is executed.


How Node.js works
Node JS is a single-threaded javascript runtime environment. Basically, Node JS creator( Ryan Dahl ) concern was that parallel processing using multiple threads is not the right way or too complicated.

If node.js doesn't use threads how does it handle concurrent requests in parallel?

Ans: It's a completely wrong sentence when you say it doesn't use threads, Node Js use threads but in a smart way. It uses a single thread to serve all the HTTP requests & multiple threads in the thread pool(in libuv) for handling any blocking operation

Libuv: A library to handle asynchronous I/O.

What does the event I/O model mean?

Ans: The right term is non-blocking I/O. It almost never blocks as the Node.js official site says. When any request goes to the Node server it never queues the request. It takes request and starts executing if it's blocking operation then it's been sent to the working threads area and registered a callback for the same as soon as code execution gets finished, it triggers the same callback and goes to the event queue and processed by the event loop again after that create a response and send to the respective client.

Installing Node.js
Installing Node on your machine is pretty much easy. If you are on windows, open up your command prompt, and if you use a Mac, open up your terminal. First things first. Let's check if you already have node installed on your machine:

On your command prompt/terminal, run:

node --version

![1000004150.png](https://m.stacker.news/10980)


As you can see in the picture above, I'm running node version 14.4.0 In this tutorial, I'll run you through how to install the latest version of Node on Windows.

How to install Node on windows
The first step in building any Node.js application is by installing Node on the client system. To perform the installation of Node.js on a Windows machine, follow the steps below:

Step1) Navigate to Nodejs.org in a web browser. Click the Windows Installer button to download the latest default version.



![1000004157.jpg](https://m.stacker.news/10986)


Step2) Once downloaded, double-click on the downloaded.msi file to start the installation. On the first screen, click the Run button to begin the installation.

![1000004158.jpg](https://m.stacker.news/10987)


Step3) You will be welcomed to the Node.js set-up wizard- click Next

Step4) Following that, you will be directed to review the license agreement. Click Next if you agree to the terms and conditions.



![Uploading 1000004153.png…]()


Step5) The installer will prompt you to choose a default location. Click Next if you're okay with the default location or change it if need be.

Step6) The wizard will prompt you to install some other components. Again, click on Next if you have no specific needs

![1000004155.png](https://m.stacker.news/10984)


Step7)Click on the install button to complete the installation


![1000004156.png](https://m.stacker.news/10985)




Your first Node.js program
In our first Node program, we will be creating a simple hello world program

Step1) Go to your command prompt (for Windows users) or your terminal (for Mac users) and type the following lines of code:

mkdir helloworld
cd helloworld


The first command will create a new folder inside the directory that you're currently in, mkdir = "make directory". While the latter, cd = "change directory", in this case, to navigate to the new dir helloworld

Step2) Still on your command prompt/terminal, let's initialize our project and link it to npm-acronym for (Node Package Manager) in our folder.

Run:
npm init


Running npm init creates a package.json file in our helloworld folder. This file contains references to all npm packages you will download for use on your application.

Step5) Next, go to your preferred text editor and create a file- let's call it index.js

Inside index.js, write the following lines of code:

var http = require("http");

http.createServer(function (request, response) {
   // Send the HTTP header 
   // HTTP Status: 200 : OK
   // Content Type: text/plain
   response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});

   // Send the response body as "Hello World"
   response.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(8081);

// Console will print the message
console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8081/');


Let's quickly explain the code snippet above.

Step 1 - Import Required Module
We use the require directive to load the HTTP module and store the returned HTTP instance into an HTTP variable

Step 2 - Create Server
We use the created HTTP instance and call http.createServer() method to create a server instance and then we bind it at port 8081 using the listen method associated with the server instance. Pass it a function with parameters request and response. Write the sample implementation to always return "Hello World".

Step6) Run the app Now to run the app, go back to your command prompt/terminal, and run:

node index.js

Now you will see
Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8081/


Make a Request to the Node.js Server
Open http://127.0.0.1:8081/ in any browser and observe the result.





Node Js for beginners + First Node Js program

Swift is to iOS what Java is to Android.

Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Apple Inc. and the open source community (version 2.2 only).

 First released in 2014, Swift was developed as a replacement for Apple's previous programming language, Objective-C, as Objective-C had remained largely unchanged since the early 1980s and lacked modern language features.

 Development of Swift began in July 2010 by Chris Lattner (same creator of LLVM and clang), with the eventual collaboration of many other Apple programmers.  Swift was based on ideas from languages such as: Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU and many others.

 Swift is to iOS what Java is to Android.  The compiler is written in C++.


Installation

 This entire procedure works as of Ubuntu 20.04, but it was actually tested on Ubuntu 21.04 .  But I was also able to install it with this procedure on Gentoo (just changing the package name to Portage) and it worked, that is, with small changes you can try it on your operating system or Linux distribution.

01. Before anything else, install the dependencies:
sudo apt install binutils git gnupg2 libc6-dev libcurl4 libedit2 libgcc-9-dev 


02. Download the compressed file:
wget -q https://download.swift.org/swift-5.5.2-release/ubuntu2004/swift-5.5.2-RELEASE/swift-5.5.2-RELEASE-ubuntu20.04.tar.gz


03. Import the PGP key
gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com \
      --recv-keys \
      '7463 A81A 4B2E EA1B 551F  FBCF D441 C977 412B 37AD' \
      '1BE1 E29A 084C B305 F397  D62A 9F59 7F4D 21A5 6D5F' \
      'A3BA FD35 56A5 9079 C068  94BD 63BC 1CFE 91D3 06C6' \
      '5E4D F843 FB06 5D7F 7E24  FBA2 EF54 30F0 71E1 B235' \
      '8513 444E 2DA3 6B7C 1659  AF4D 7638 F1FB 2B2B 08C4' \
      'A62A E125 BBBF BB96 A6E0  42EC 925C C1CC ED3D 1561' \
      '8A74 9566 2C3C D4AE 18D9  5637 FAF6 989E 1BC1 6FEA' \
      'E813 C892 820A 6FA1 3755  B268 F167 DF1A CF9C E069'

04. Extract the file
tar zxvf swift-*


05. Remove the compressed file
rm swift-*.tar.gz


06. Change the directory name to swift only
mv swift-5.5.2-RELEASE-ubuntu20.04/ swift


07. Move it to optional directory
sudo mv swift/ /opt/


08. Include the location in your $PATH
echo 'export PATH=/opt/swift/usr/bin:"${PATH}"' >> ~/.bashrc


09. Make it possible to access it immediately
source ~/.bashrc
exec $SHELL


10. Check if everything is ok
swift -version


11. Test one Hello, World!
vim hello.swift

print("Hello, World!")


Runtime Testing:
swift hello.swift

Or compile your code and run the binary:
swiftc hello.swift
./hello

How to install Swift programming language on Ubuntu

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40 Ideas for Web Software Exercises.

A bit of C++, programming, game development, and web development.